City
Eindhoven, Netherlands
Size and population development
According to the city population website, the 2020 population of Eindhoven is 234,294. The city covers an area of 88.4 square kilometers with a population density of 2,674 people per km2.
Population composition
The age breakdown of Eindhoven’s population shows that 66.3% of residents are 18-64, 17% are 0-17 and 16.7% are over 65 years of age. Males make up 51.5% of the population and females 48.5% 29.5% of the population were born outside of the Netherlands and there are significant groups of people from Germany, Poland, Turkey, India and China.
Main functions
Eindhoven is the fifth largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands. It lies along the Dommel River in the south of the country. It acts a rail junction and is served by the Eindhoven and Beatrix canals and an airport.
Main industries / business
In 1891 Gerard and Anton Philips founded a small light bulb factory in Eindhoven that would grow into one of largest electronics companies in the world. The growth of Phillips attracted many companies to the city making it a major technology, industrial and research hub. Eindhoven is one of the co-location centers of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT). It hosts two knowledge and Innovation Communities, (KICs): Innoenergy (Sustainable Energy) and EIT ICT Labs (Information and Communication Technology). The manufacturing of trucks is also important to the local economy and it is the headquarters of DAF trucks.
Sources for city budget
The City of Eindhoven draws its budget for public expenditure largely from property tax, fees, operating revenues, other taxes and subsides from the National Government of the Netherlands.
Administrative structure
The day-to-day administration of Eindhoven is provided by the Municipal Executive, made up of the mayor and five alderpersons. The mayor is appointed by Royal Decree for a renewable term of six years. The alderpersons are appointed for four years by the coalition parties that form a majority in the city council.
Website
The Space-S social housing estate, based on a site called the Strijp-S, is part of a large-scale scheme to regenerate a vast former-industrial site that was previously the main manufacturing base of electronics firm Philips, which wound down its activities over a 20-year period from the late 1990s. Philips had been the largest employer in the region and the closure of its plants made thousands of skilled engineers and researchers redundant, many of whom wished to remain in Eindhoven.
The Space-S project aimed to provide a creative and participative housing estate for people on lower incomes. Its specific objective was to change the social housing sector by giving residents control over development from the very beginning, at the design phase, and creating an inclusive, affordable community in which students, families, professionals, single people, couples, people with learning difficulties and disabilities, and international students live side by side.
The social housing association Woonbedrijf conceived and funded the project. Dutch social housing associations are private, non-profit enterprises that pursue social goals within a framework of national laws and regulations. Collectively they own 3 million homes - three-in-four (75%) of all rented housing in the country. Most housing association homes are social housing, meaning that they are let at below market rents to people on low or lower-middle incomes.
The Space-S project began in December 2012. One of six residential areas in the Strijp-S, Space-S is an independently developed and funded initiative. A 30,000m2 plot was specifically identified by the municipality and offered to Woonbedrijf. The collaborative project designed and developed by Eindhoven architects’ firm - Inbo, a housing association - Woonbedrijf, process manager 12N Urban Matters, and the residents themselves, began with an open call on social media and local advertising for prospective tenants interested in participating in the design of the space. Specific marginalised groups were invited through social organisations to participate in the call. Commitment to Space-S was paramount from the start. Initially, more than 1,000 prospective tenants took part in the project. The greater their participation, the better their chance of securing an apartment (with exceptions made for those who found participation more challenging).
Between 2013 and 2014, meetings and workshops were organized, before preliminary designs were drawn up. The design process took place in rounds, through design ‘labs’, which addressed specific topics that the future residents wanted to discuss. Inbo worked with future residents to design the buildings and community spaces to ensure the design processes were inclusive and accessible, including to people with disabilities, learning difficulties and autism. Once the final design was confirmed and permits were granted, construction work began in 2015. The project was completed in June 2017.
Approximately 600 people live in Space-S. Three-quarters of residents are aged between 30 and 50 years, while one-in-five (20%) are students, and one-in-20 (5%) are over 50 years old. Almost all - nine-in-ten (90%) - are Dutch, with international students from various countries making up the other one-in-ten (10%).
Around Space-S 600 residents continue to manage many aspects of the estate and to initiate new ideas for its development. They are responsible for rent collection, renting out empty apartments, management of communal spaces, and the organisation of new initiatives.
Space-S was developed and financed by the housing association Woonbedrijf without public subsidies.
The project provides secure, sustainable long-term housing for residents. Rents at Space-S are at housing association-regulated rates. This means almost all are below the rent allowance limit and significantly lower than average rental prices in Eindhoven. The estate also contributes to the wider regeneration of the Strijp-S site, which boosted the city economy and changed its core purpose from that of an industrial city to a creative and innovation hub. It has also allowed a wider mix of residents, including people on low incomes and people with disabilities, to take part in and help shape this regeneration.
Community co-operation and local cohesion are at the heart of Space-S. Through their involvement from the beginning of the project, residents developed a collective sense of investment and pride in the project. The design of the buildings encourages strong community bonds through shared spaces and encourages intergenerational living.
The abundance of greenery in the design promotes biodiversity and has other positive effects, including the absorption of fine dust, the limitation of temperature fluctuations and minimising the drying out of soil.
The architect firm Inbo has been involved in a number of projects in the Netherlands where it has used a similar approach to Space-S, but the project and its approach have not yet been adopted by other organisations on this scale. The main barrier to preventing further transfer is that, within the social housing sector, there is an assumption that involving residents takes more time and money - with Space-S, this was not the case.
There is no comparable project in the Netherlands in which residents have had such a strong influence over the design of a space and running activities. The residents were so engaged that they created an alternative plan for the plot, envisioning more buildings than were foreseen by the urban planner responsible for the area (who recommended one or two). They also changed the standardised layout of apartments, to allow for variations to meet differing household needs, and emphasised the use of communal and green spaces. The residents were able to convince the municipality to accept their plan.
Inbo believes that the positive outcomes of the co-creation process used in Space-S are becoming more apparent and they continue to see strong interest for the project.
